老年人永久起搏器置入术并发症的发生原因及处理策略

目的探讨老年人永久起搏器置入术并发症的发生原因及处理策略。方法393例老年患者，男251例，女142例，年龄60～94（77．5±5．3）岁。病态窦房结综合征237例，高度房室传导阻滞144例，双束支阻滞12例。置入单腔起搏器255例；双腔起搏器135例；三腔起搏器1例；置入性心脏除颤器2例。结果各种并发症共29例，发生率7．4％。导线电极移位14例（3．56％），囊袋血肿6例（1．53％）、囊袋感染3例（0．76％），废弃电极脱入右室、起搏器综合征各2例（0．51％），电极导线不全断裂、心肌穿孔各1例（0．25％）。结论做好充分的术前准备工作．术中熟练的无菌操作技术以及术后的密切观察和随访，可减少老年人永久起博器置入术并发症的发生；及时有效地处理并发症．可避免严重后果。     

Every heart beat is under neural command: an hypothesis relating to the cardiac rhythm

In the human heart there is a sequential contraction of the systemic veins, systemic venous sinus and the pectinated right atrium, 'the systemic waltz', and sequential contraction of the pulmonary veins, pulmonary venous sinus and pectinated left atrium, 'the pulmonary waltz'. The systemic veins contract earlier than the pulmonary veins creating a 'duet. We hypothesise that this waltz and duet point to a complex extracardiac control of the cardiac rhythm on a beat-to-beat neural basis.     

From classical sternotomy to truly endoscopic mitral valve surgery: a step by step procedure

Background: There is an increasing tendency towards minimally invasive valve surgery and various surgical techniques have been proposed to realise this goal. The aim of the present study was to describe our current surgical technique and clinical experience with respect to an endoscopic technique that allows the surgeon to perform an operation through a series of small intercostal ports.

Methods: After a learning experience with thoracoscopic left internal mammary to left anterior descending coronary artery bypass surgery, we adopted the endocardiopulmonary bypass technique to perform mitral valve surgery. The technique requires exclusive use of video-assisted surgery and control by transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Surgery requires long instruments and extra-corporeal knot tying. Between February 1997 and November 2001, 259 patients were operated on. Mitral valve repair was performed in 190 of them. One patient had a redo procedure using this approach to correct a paravalvular leak, but all other procedures were primary interventions.

Results: In all patients, surgery was performed using a 2 inch working port and two additional half-inch trocar-ports. Five patients required a conversion to median sternotomy: three because of inadequate size of the femoral vessels and two because of intraoperative aortic dissection. Hospital mortality included two patients, and seven patients required late reoperation (four of these were as a result of endocarditis).

Conclusions: Endoscopic mitral valve surgery is demanding, but feasible. Once the appropriate skills are acquired, both patient and surgeon can enjoy the benefits of this exciting new technique.     

红葡萄酒及白藜三醇对血小板聚集的影响

观察红葡萄酒及其提取物白藜三醇对离体和在体条件下血小板聚集的影响 ,以探讨它们对心血管系统的保护作用机制。以高胆固醇饮食造成实验性高脂血症 ,以凝血酶、二磷酸腺苷和胶原为诱导剂 ,采用Born氏法测定血小板聚集率。结果发现 ,高脂饮食明显增加兔血浆胆固醇水平 ,并伴有血小板聚集的明显增强。同时给予红葡萄酒、去酒精红葡萄酒和白藜三醇可以消除高脂饮食对兔血小板聚集的增强作用。离体条件下白藜三醇明显抑制凝血酶、二磷酸腺苷及胶原诱导的健康人的血小板聚集。结果提示 ,红葡萄酒及白藜三醇均具有抑制血小板聚集的作用 ,此作用可能为白藜三醇抗动脉粥样硬化的机制之一。     

Maladie cæliaque associée à un granulome sarcoïdosique cutané

Coeliac disease associated with cutaneous sarcoidosis granuloma.Coeliac disease can be associated with numerous internal, skin and mucosa involvments: their physiopathology is often obscure. We report the case of a 14-year old female patient who suffered from a coeliac disease diagnosed in 1988 with considerable improvement with a gluten-free diet. Her two daughters also presented coeliac disease and her sister suffered from nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Four years later, she presented non pruriginous small nodules over both lower extremities. Skin biopsy revealed a non-caseating granuloma into the derm: we only could evocate sarcoidosis affecting the skin. The dermatological lesions improved during the following weeks with a gluten free diet and relapsed each time this diet was stopped. Many clinical associations with coeliac disease have been described with numerous visceral and skin-mucosa involvments. Eight cases of coeliac disease associated with sarcoidosis affecting the lung have been reported: in five cases, coeliac disease preceded sarcoidosis and in one case sarcoidosis relapsed each time gluten was reinlroduced like in our case. This two diseases seem to share immunological and genetic disturbances.     

Tissue engineering of biological cardiovascular system surrogates

Cardiovascular diseases are common in ageing communities globally. This fact is most striking in the industrialised world where the aged population makes up a large proportion of society. Elderly patients are frequently treated surgically with grafts to replace damaged tissues and vessels. The number of human-donated components is insufficient and synthetic surrogates are sought. These might be wholly mechanical, wholly biological, or tissue engineered complexes of cells and their products growing in a scaffold. At present, many such composites exist with potential for use as substitutes for specific blood vessels. The challenges of producing tissue engineered heart valves are now being widely explored. Neotissues must provide an effective, durable, non-thrombogenic and non-immunogenic substitute that will fulfil the purpose of the natural tissue. The aims and scope of this paper are to review current and novel concepts in the field of tissue engineering of biological cardiovascular system surrogates. Mechanical stresses and strains on cardiovascular cells in vitro have been recognised and can be measured by a culture force monitor. Physiological stresses can be generated by a tensioning culture force monitor and applied to engineered tissue, aligning the cells and mimicking arterial wall architecture. The hydrostatic forces a vessel experiences and mechanical parameters of blood vessels can be studied in the tubular culture system of a multi-cue bioreactor.     

原发性高血压患者脂餐后甘油三酯代谢异常与颈动脉内中膜复合体厚度的关系

为探讨原发性高血压患者是否存在脂肪负荷后血清富含甘油三酯脂蛋白代谢异常及其与颈动脉内中膜复合体厚度之间的关系 ,选择 38例原发性高血压患者和 30例健康人 (对照组 ) ,禁食 10～ 12h后 ,采用二维血管超声测定双侧颈动脉内中膜复合体厚度。随后进行标准脂肪负荷试验 ,分别以甘油三酯 8h曲线下面积和甘油三酯峰反应作为脂肪负荷后甘油三酯反应水平的指标。发现 :①原发性高血压组甘油三酯峰反应 (4.6 8± 1.74mmol L比 1.76± 0 .6 4mmol L)及甘油三酯曲线下面积 (2 3.5 9± 6 .4 8mmol L比 9.5 6± 3.38mmol L ,8h)显著大于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;②原发性高血压组颈动脉内中膜复合体厚度显著大于对照组 (0 .76 7± 0 .15mm比 0 .6 0 3± 0 .0 5mm ,P <0 .0 1) ;③原发性高血压患者的颈动脉内中膜复合体厚度与甘油三酯曲线下面积、年龄、甘油三酯峰反应、肥胖指数呈正相关 (r=0 .4 97、0 .4 4 8、0 .382、0 .35 2 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,同空腹高密度脂蛋白水平呈负相关 (r =- 0 .2 87,P =0 .0 0 2 )。提示原发性高血压患者存在脂餐后甘油三酯代谢异常 ,高血压和餐后甘油三酯代谢异常均与颈动脉内中膜复合体厚度的增加有关。     

家族性混合型高脂血症与脂蛋白脂酶基因的连锁分析

目的 探讨脂蛋白脂酶基因与家族性混合型高脂血症是否连锁，以期发现家族性混合型高脂血症遗传易感位点。方法 从北京地区搜集12个（81人）家族性混合型高脂血症家系选择脂蛋白脂酶基因及其附近的微卫星遗传标记（LPLGZ14／15与D8S282）进行连锁分析。结果 CENEHUNTER软件包多点连锁分析显示微卫星遗传标记最大LOD score(HLOD)值如下：HLODLPLGZ14／15＝－8．9及HLODD8S282＝－10．5。结论 中国北京地区家族性混合型高脂血症家系提示，脂蛋白脂酶基因不是影响家族性混合型高脂血症表型的遗传易感基因。     

微粒化非诺贝特与标准化非诺贝特对原发性高脂血症疗效及安全性比较

为了比较微粒化非诺贝特与标准化非诺贝特对原发性高脂血症的疗效和安全性，将68例原发性高脂血症患者分别进行治疗，微粒化非诺贝特级38例，200mg，每晚服一粒；标准化非诺贝特组30例，每日300mg，分3次服，疗程均为8周。疗程结束时两组服药前后自身比较，血清总胆固醇平均降低分别为22．5％与17．7％；甘油三酯平均降低分别为53．5％与42．2％；高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇平均升高分别为21．2％与17．9％；谷丙转氨酶前组平均降低6．8％，后组平均升高19．4％，表明：微粒化非诺贝特较标准化非诺贝特具有更好的调脂作用，且安全方便。     

多发性骨髓瘤患者血清β2-微球蛋白和C反应蛋白检测的临床意义

目的探讨多发性骨髓瘤(MM)患者血清β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)和C反应蛋白(CRP)的变化及其临床意义。方法采用胶乳增强免疫透射比浊法测定60例MM患者和40例对照者的血清β2-MG和CRP水平,对比分析不同临床分期及治疗前后血清β2-MG和CRP的变化。结果 MM组血清β2-MG和CRP水平明显高于对照组,且随临床分期的增加依次增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与治疗前相比,MM治疗有效组血清β2-MG和CRP水平明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而治疗无效组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论血清β2-MG和CRP检测可作为MM患者预后及疗效判断的指标。